Male nude mice (BALB/c-nu, 6B8 weeks) were housed in a pathogen free animal facility with access to water and food, and allowed to eat and drink adlibitum. 5 x 10⁵ SGC7901 cells and CAFs were injected subcutaneously for one mouse. These tumor-implanted mice were injected with either cisplatin (5 ug/g) or saline every 5 days since the day ten, and were sacrificed and tumors were removed at the 30th Day.

Male nude mice (BALB/c-nu, 6B8 weeks) were housed in a pathogen free animal facility with access to water and food, and allowed to eat and drink adlibitum. 5 x 10⁵ SGC7901 cells and CAFs were injected subcutaneously for one mouse. These tumor-implanted mice were injected with either cisplatin (5 ug/g) or saline every 5 days since the day ten, and were sacrificed and tumors were removed at the 30th Day.

SGC7901 cell line transfected with OvPLIN2, ShPLIN2 and Control were injected subcutaneously into the nude mice (BALB/c nu/nu, female, 5 weeks old, Beijing Huafukang Biotechnology Co. Ltd. China) which were anaesthetized with 1% Sodium pentobarbital. The long diameter a and short diameter b of mouse tumor and the weights were measured every 4-5 days, and the relative tumor volumes (RTV) were calculated according to formula 0.5 x a x b x b.

Female nude mice (BALB/c, nu/nu, 18-22 g, 4-5 weeks old) were obtained from Guangdong Medical Laboratory Animal center, China, and maintained under specific pathogen-free conditions on a 12h/12h light/dark cycle. Each mouse was injected subcutaneously with eight million luciferase-expressing cells resuspended in 50 ul of PBS and 50 ul of Matrigel (BD Biosciences). When a palpable mass had developed, the mice were randomly divided into five groups: apatinib (50 mg/kg/day oral dose for 14 days); RSL3 (100 mg/kg injection of RSL3 twice per week for 2 weeks at the same site); both; apatinib (50 mg/kg/day oral dose for 14 days) plus vitamin E (100 mg/kg/day oral dose for 14 days); and vehicle (DMSO, 100 ul oral dose for 14 days).

Male nude mice (ages 6-8 weeks) used in the studies were purchased from Hunan SJA Laboratory Animal Co. (Changsha, China). Male nude mice were subcutaneously injected with MGC-803cells into the right flank of mouse. Once the tumor volume reached 100-200 mm³, mice were randomly divided into 5 groups (6 mice/group) and administered with saline,a2(5, 10, and 20 mg/kg), or 5-fluorouracil (5-FU, 15mg/kg) once a day for 21 daysviatail vein injection.

Wild type AB strain of zebrafish (Danio rerio) was obtained from Southern Medical University. The HGC-27 cells labeled with EGFP were resuspended in PBS in the concentration of 5*10⁷/ml. 10 nl cell suspension containing approximately 300 cells were loaded into capillary needles and injected into the abdominal perivitelline space of zebrafish embryos by a nanoliter injector (Narishige, Tokyo, Japan). After injection, the tumor-bearing embryos were transferred into a 24-well plate and acclimated in embryo water at 35 for 24 h and then incubated at 0, 90, 180 mg/ml ACP decoction for 48 h.

NOD-scid mice (NOD.CB17-Prkdcscid/NcrCrl) aged 6-7 weeks and weighing 20-22 g were used in the experiment. The animal study was performed at the Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine with approval from the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee in accordance with the institutional guidelines. All mice were randomly divided into two groups, and each group consisted of four mice. In experimental group, approximately 1 x 10⁵ GCSCs in logarithmic growth phase were harvested and inoculated subcutaneously into NOD-scid mice, and intraperitoneal injection of 100 ul Atranorin@SPION (10 mg/kg) every 2 days. In control group, approximately 1 x 10⁵ GCSCs in logarithmic growth phase were harvested and inoculated subcutaneously into NOD-scid mice, and intraperitoneal injection of 100 ul SPION (10 mg/kg) alone every 2 days. After 2 months, the mice were sacrificed, and their tumors were excised.

The nude mice were raised in our laboratory for a week before the experiment. Then, 5 x 10⁶ MKN-1 cells were subcutaneously injected to establish the subcutaneous xenograft tumour model in nude mice. When the maximum diameter of the xenograft tumours grew steadily to 1 cm, they were dissected completely and cut into 1 mm³ tissue fragments. Then, the tissue fragment was inserted into the surface of the serosa on the greater curvature of the stomach. Different doses of PB (2.5 mg/kg or 5.0 mg/kg) were given by intraperitoneal injection once a day for 3 weeks. The control group was given the same volume of vehicle. The positive control group was given 5-Fu at the dose of 10 mg/kg. The body weight and tumour size of nude mice were recorded. Mice were administered fluorescein substrate (150 mg/kg) intraperitoneally for in vivo imaging twice a week on a Xenogen IVIS 200 imaging system (Caliper Life Sciences, USA). The tumour inhibition rate was analysed using LT Living Image 4.3 Software.

Female BALB/c nude mice (6-7 weeks, 17-18 g) were purchased from Hunan Slack Scene of Laboratory Animal Co., Ltd. and used to establish the xenograft mouse model with 5 x 10⁶ exponentially growing MGC-803 cells inoculated subcutaneously into the right forelimb for each mouse. Once the volume of tumors reached 100 mm³, the mice were divided into 3 groups: solvent control; 6-TG (10 mg/kg/day); 6-TG (10 mg/kg/day) + Fer-1(50 mg/kg/day).

1 x 10⁶ BGC823 control or CDO1 short hairpin (sh)RNA treated cells in 150 ul PBS were injected subcutaneously right of the dorsal midline in athymic nude mice. Once the tumors reached 80 to 100 mm³ at day 10, mice were allocated randomly into groups of five and treated with erastin (30 mg/kg intraperitoneally, twice every other day).

1 x 10⁶ BGC823 control or CDO1 short hairpin (sh)RNA treated cells in 150 ul PBS were injected subcutaneously right of the dorsal midline in athymic nude mice. Once the tumors reached 80 to 100 mm³ at day 10, mice were allocated randomly into groups of five and treated with erastin (30 mg/kg intraperitoneally, twice every other day).

Ten SCID nude mice aged 6-8 weeks were purchased from Vital River Laboratory Animal Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China), and subcutaneously injected with SGC7901 cells (5 x 10⁶ cells per mouse) in left back. One week after feeding, the mice were randomly divided into two groups, the control and treatment group. For the next 25 days, the mice in treatment group were injected with erastin (15 mg/kg intraperitoneally) or co-treated with 40 mol/kg body weight of levobupivacaine once a day. The body weight and tumor size were measured every 3 days.

All mice were housed under a setting of 12-h light/dark cycle at 22 ± 1, 55% humidity and fed with water and food provided at regular time. During the entire maintenance period, all mice were permitted free cage activity without joint immobilization. The initial body weights of the mice were between 20 and 23 grams. After subcutaneous injection of 2 x 10⁶ BGC-823 gastric cancer cells into the back of NOD-SCID mice, the mice were treated with or without Tan IIA (50 mg/kg) or Tan IIA in combination with Fer-1 (50 mg/kg). Tan IIA was diluted in DMSO:Methanol:Hydroxypropyl-b-cydodextrin (HP-b-CD) = 1:1:1. Fer-1 was also dissolved in DMSO:Methanol:HP-b-CD. Seven days after BGC-823 gastric cancer cells injection, intraperitoneal injection with Tan IIA was carried out every other day followed by killing at day 22 of tumor cell inoculation. All mice were killed by dislocation of the cervical vertebrae. Before killing, the tumor volume was measured every 3 days. All experiments were carried out using six mice each group in three independent experiments of a time-dependent manner with three time points.

Wild type AB strain of zebrafish (Danio rerio) was obtained from Southern Medical University. The HGC-27 cells labeled with EGFP were resuspended in PBS in the concentration of 5*10⁷/ml. 10 nl cell suspension containing approximately 300 cells were loaded into capillary needles and injected into the abdominal perivitelline space of zebrafish embryos by a nanoliter injector (Narishige, Tokyo, Japan). After injection, the tumor-bearing embryos were transferred into a 24-well plate and acclimated in embryo water at 35 for 24 h and then incubated at 0, 90, 180 mg/ml ACP decoction for 48 h.

NOD-scid mice (NOD.CB17-Prkdcscid/NcrCrl) aged 6-7 weeks and weighing 20-22 g were used in the experiment. The animal study was performed at the Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine with approval from the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee in accordance with the institutional guidelines. All mice were randomly divided into two groups, and each group consisted of four mice. In experimental group, approximately 1 x 10⁵ GCSCs in logarithmic growth phase were harvested and inoculated subcutaneously into NOD-scid mice, and intraperitoneal injection of 100 ul Atranorin@SPION (10 mg/kg) every 2 days. In control group, approximately 1 x 10⁵ GCSCs in logarithmic growth phase were harvested and inoculated subcutaneously into NOD-scid mice, and intraperitoneal injection of 100 ul SPION (10 mg/kg) alone every 2 days. After 2 months, the mice were sacrificed, and their tumors were excised.

Four-week-old female BALB/c nude mice were purchased from SLAC Laboratory Animal Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). For subsequent studies, the nude mice were randomly divided into four groups as follows: sh-Ctrl, sh-ATF2, sh-Ctrl + sorafenib and sh-ATF2 + sorafenib. Approximately 5 x 10⁶ ATF2 knockdown or control MGC803 cells were subcutaneously injected into the axilla of nude mice. Beginning on Day 8, mice in the sorafenib treatment group received 10 mg/kg sorafenib by intraperitoneal injection every 2 days for 3 weeks.

For animal models of gastric subserosal injection, we collected MGC-803 cell lines (5 x 10 cells) that were infected by lentivirus with or without PMAN-OE, and suspended in 40 ul serum-free medium (50% Matrigel). After that, nude mice (six mice per group) were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of 100 ul of pentobarbital (1%). After disinfection, the abdominal cavity was opened to expose the greater curvature of the stomach. The tumor suspension (40 ul) was implanted under the serosa of the greater curvature of the stomach of the nude mice through an insulin needle.

Four-week-old female BALB/c nude mice were purchased from SLAC Laboratory Animal Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). For subsequent studies, the nude mice were randomly divided into four groups as follows: sh-Ctrl, sh-ATF2, sh-Ctrl + sorafenib and sh-ATF2 + sorafenib. Approximately 5 x 10⁶ ATF2 knockdown or control MGC803 cells were subcutaneously injected into the axilla of nude mice. Beginning on Day 8, mice in the sorafenib treatment group received 10 mg/kg sorafenib by intraperitoneal injection every 2 days for 3 weeks.

Four- to eight-week-old female BALB/c nude mice were purchased from the Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University (Nanjing, China). For the tumor-limiting dilution assay, 1 x 10⁷, 5 x 10⁶, and 2.5 x 10⁶ of LV3-miR-375 cells, LV3-SLC7A11 cells, LV3-shSLC7A11 cells, LV3-miR-375-SLC7A11 cells, and LV3-NC cells (BGC-823 and SGC-7901) were subcutaneously implanted into the underarm of mice. Fifteen days later, all mice were euthanized and tumor tissues were collected and weighed. For metastasis experiment, mouse models were established by intravenous injection of cells. Three mice per group were injected with 2 x 10⁶ cells in 200 uL RPMI-1640 serum-free media. Six weeks after injection, mice were sacrificed for collecting lung tissues.

For animal models of gastric subserosal injection, we collected MGC-803 cell lines (5 x 10 cells) that were infected by lentivirus with or without PMAN-OE, and suspended in 40 ul serum-free medium (50% Matrigel). After that, nude mice (six mice per group) were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of 100 ul of pentobarbital (1%). After disinfection, the abdominal cavity was opened to expose the greater curvature of the stomach. The tumor suspension (40 ul) was implanted under the serosa of the greater curvature of the stomach of the nude mice through an insulin needle.

Four- to six-week-old nude mice (BALB/c) were purchased from Jiangsu Jicui Yaokang Biotechnology Co. Ltd. (Nanjing, China) and then randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 5 per group). PO-BDNF-AS-HGC-27 cells, PONC-BDNF-AS-HGC-27 cells, or PO-BDNF-AS + PO-FBXW7-HGC-27 cells (5 x 10⁶) were suspended in 100 ul DMEM and subcutaneously injected into the flanks of the mice in each group. After 10 days, we measured the tumor size every week using digital Vernier calipers and calculated the tumor volume based on the formula: volume = 1/2 x (width2 x length). On the 30th day or when the tumor became larger than 1.5 cm in diameter, the mice were sacrificed. Subsequently, the subcutaneous graft tumors were removed for further experiments. For the intraabdominal tumor model, we randomly divided the mice into two groups (n = 6 per group). PO-BDNF-AS-HGC-27 cells or PONC-BDNF-AS-HGC-27 cells (8 x 10⁶) were suspended in 150 uL DMEM and intraperitoneally injected into the mice in each group (weight, approximately 18.0-19.0 g). Five weeks after injection, the mice were euthanized and necropsied to assess abdominal tumor burden and tumor location. Finally, we detected the mRNA and protein expression levels of relevant genes in the tumor tissues by RT-PCR and western blotting assays.

Four- to six-week-old nude mice (BALB/c) were purchased from Jiangsu Jicui Yaokang Biotechnology Co. Ltd. (Nanjing, China) and then randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 5 per group). PO-BDNF-AS-HGC-27 cells, PONC-BDNF-AS-HGC-27 cells, or PO-BDNF-AS + PO-FBXW7-HGC-27 cells (5 x 10⁶) were suspended in 100 ul DMEM and subcutaneously injected into the flanks of the mice in each group. After 10 days, we measured the tumor size every week using digital Vernier calipers and calculated the tumor volume based on the formula: volume = 1/2 x (width2 x length). On the 30th day or when the tumor became larger than 1.5 cm in diameter, the mice were sacrificed. Subsequently, the subcutaneous graft tumors were removed for further experiments. For the intraabdominal tumor model, we randomly divided the mice into two groups (n = 6 per group). PO-BDNF-AS-HGC-27 cells or PONC-BDNF-AS-HGC-27 cells (8 x 10⁶) were suspended in 150 uL DMEM and intraperitoneally injected into the mice in each group (weight, approximately 18.0-19.0 g). Five weeks after injection, the mice were euthanized and necropsied to assess abdominal tumor burden and tumor location. Finally, we detected the mRNA and protein expression levels of relevant genes in the tumor tissues by RT-PCR and western blotting assays.

Female BALB/c nude mice (4-6 weeks old) were obtained from Beijing Institute of Life Sciences (Beijing, China) and the mice were maintained under the standard conditions. AGS cells (2 x 10⁶ cells/mL) were suspended in 100 ul of PBS and were subcutaneously injected in the right flank of mice. After 1 week, mice were divided into four groups (n = 5): Ctrl, 0.5 ug/kg, 1.0 ug/kg, and 2.0 ug/kg groups. The mice were intraperitoneally injected with DEX once a day for 15 days. Mice in the control group were injected with the same amount of normal saline. Tumor size was measured every 2 days and calculated with the formula: 0.5 x length x width2. After the last DEX injection was completed, mice were euthanized with sodium pentobarbital (100 mg/kg) and then sacrificed by decapitation. The tumor tissues were isolated and weighted. Immunohistochemistry for Ki67 and TUNEL assay were performed on paraffin-embedded xenograft tumor tissue sections.

Female BALB/c nude mice (4-6 weeks old) were obtained from Beijing Institute of Life Sciences (Beijing, China) and the mice were maintained under the standard conditions. AGS cells (2 x 10⁶ cells/mL) were suspended in 100 ul of PBS and were subcutaneously injected in the right flank of mice. After 1 week, mice were divided into four groups (n = 5): Ctrl, 0.5 ug/kg, 1.0 ug/kg, and 2.0 ug/kg groups. The mice were intraperitoneally injected with DEX once a day for 15 days. Mice in the control group were injected with the same amount of normal saline. Tumor size was measured every 2 days and calculated with the formula: 0.5 x length x width2. After the last DEX injection was completed, mice were euthanized with sodium pentobarbital (100 mg/kg) and then sacrificed by decapitation. The tumor tissues were isolated and weighted. Immunohistochemistry for Ki67 and TUNEL assay were performed on paraffin-embedded xenograft tumor tissue sections.

Female BALB/c nude mice (4-6 weeks old) were obtained from Beijing Institute of Life Sciences (Beijing, China) and the mice were maintained under the standard conditions. AGS cells (2 x 10⁶ cells/mL) were suspended in 100 ul of PBS and were subcutaneously injected in the right flank of mice. After 1 week, mice were divided into four groups (n = 5): Ctrl, 0.5 ug/kg, 1.0 ug/kg, and 2.0 ug/kg groups. The mice were intraperitoneally injected with DEX once a day for 15 days. Mice in the control group were injected with the same amount of normal saline. Tumor size was measured every 2 days and calculated with the formula: 0.5 x length x width2. After the last DEX injection was completed, mice were euthanized with sodium pentobarbital (100 mg/kg) and then sacrificed by decapitation. The tumor tissues were isolated and weighted. Immunohistochemistry for Ki67 and TUNEL assay were performed on paraffin-embedded xenograft tumor tissue sections.

The BALB/c nude mice (n = 15, 4-6 weeks old) were purchased from Charles River Labs and kept under controlled conditions. Then 1 x 10⁶ AGS cells were inoculated subcutaneously into nude mice. When the tumor reached to 100 mm³, mice were randomly divided into three groups, the control group was intraperitoneally injected with saline, the AF group was intraperitoneally injected with AF at dosages of 80 mg/kg/day, and AF + anti-miR-496 group received intraperitoneal injection, followed by the administration of miR-496 antagonist via intra-tumor injection once a week for 4 weeks.

The BALB/c nude mice (n = 15, 4-6 weeks old) were purchased from Charles River Labs and kept under controlled conditions. Then 1 x 10⁶ AGS cells were inoculated subcutaneously into nude mice. When the tumor reached to 100 mm³, mice were randomly divided into three groups, the control group was intraperitoneally injected with saline, the AF group was intraperitoneally injected with AF at dosages of 80 mg/kg/day, and AF + anti-miR-496 group received intraperitoneal injection, followed by the administration of miR-496 antagonist via intra-tumor injection once a week for 4 weeks.

The nude mice were raised in our laboratory for a week before the experiment. Then, 5 x 10⁶ MKN-1 cells were subcutaneously injected to establish the subcutaneous xenograft tumour model in nude mice. When the maximum diameter of the xenograft tumours grew steadily to 1 cm, they were dissected completely and cut into 1 mm³ tissue fragments. Then, the tissue fragment was inserted into the surface of the serosa on the greater curvature of the stomach. Different doses of PB (2.5 mg/kg or 5.0 mg/kg) were given by intraperitoneal injection once a day for 3 weeks. The control group was given the same volume of vehicle. The positive control group was given 5-Fu at the dose of 10 mg/kg. The body weight and tumour size of nude mice were recorded. Mice were administered fluorescein substrate (150 mg/kg) intraperitoneally for in vivo imaging twice a week on a Xenogen IVIS 200 imaging system (Caliper Life Sciences, USA). The tumour inhibition rate was analysed using LT Living Image 4.3 Software.

Nude mice (5-week old; Shanghai SLAC Laboratory Animals, Shanghai, China) were arbitrarily divided into two groups (n = 5). AGS cells (1 x 10⁶ ) stably expressing circ_0000190 were inoculated into the flank of the nude mice. Tumor volume was monitored every 4 d with the method of (length x width2 )/2. These mice were euthanized after 28-d inoculation.

7.5 X 10⁶ SNU16 sgCDH1 cells expressing a vector, wild-type E-cadherin, or the D291N mutant in 100 ul 1:1 Matrigel: serum-free RPMI were injected into the left flank of athymicnu/numice (Envigo). Tumor growth was monitored every 3 days by caliper. Once tumors reached a mean volume of 150 mm³, mice with each tumor type were randomly grouped into two groups. IKE (MedChemExpress) was resuspended in a solution of 65% D5W (5% dextrose in water), 5% Tween-80, and 30% PEG-400. Mice were then treated daily with either 40 mg/kg IKE or the vehicle via i.p. injection.

Nude mice (5-week old; Shanghai SLAC Laboratory Animals, Shanghai, China) were arbitrarily divided into two groups (n = 5). AGS cells (1 x 10⁶ ) stably expressing circ_0000190 were inoculated into the flank of the nude mice. Tumor volume was monitored every 4 d with the method of (length x width2 )/2. These mice were euthanized after 28-d inoculation.

Nude mice (5-week old; Shanghai SLAC Laboratory Animals, Shanghai, China) were arbitrarily divided into two groups (n = 5). AGS cells (1 x 10⁶ ) stably expressing circ_0000190 were inoculated into the flank of the nude mice. Tumor volume was monitored every 4 d with the method of (length x width2 )/2. These mice were euthanized after 28-d inoculation.

The nude mice were raised in our laboratory for a week before the experiment. Then, 5 x 10⁶ MKN-1 cells were subcutaneously injected to establish the subcutaneous xenograft tumour model in nude mice. When the maximum diameter of the xenograft tumours grew steadily to 1 cm, they were dissected completely and cut into 1 mm³ tissue fragments. Then, the tissue fragment was inserted into the surface of the serosa on the greater curvature of the stomach. Different doses of PB (2.5 mg/kg or 5.0 mg/kg) were given by intraperitoneal injection once a day for 3 weeks. The control group was given the same volume of vehicle. The positive control group was given 5-Fu at the dose of 10 mg/kg. The body weight and tumour size of nude mice were recorded. Mice were administered fluorescein substrate (150 mg/kg) intraperitoneally for in vivo imaging twice a week on a Xenogen IVIS 200 imaging system (Caliper Life Sciences, USA). The tumour inhibition rate was analysed using LT Living Image 4.3 Software.

All mice were housed under a setting of 12-h light/dark cycle at 22 ± 1, 55% humidity and fed with water and food provided at regular time. During the entire maintenance period, all mice were permitted free cage activity without joint immobilization. The initial body weights of the mice were between 20 and 23 grams. After subcutaneous injection of 2 x 10⁶ BGC-823 gastric cancer cells into the back of NOD-SCID mice, the mice were treated with or without Tan IIA (50 mg/kg) or Tan IIA in combination with Fer-1 (50 mg/kg). Tan IIA was diluted in DMSO:Methanol:Hydroxypropyl-b-cydodextrin (HP-b-CD) = 1:1:1. Fer-1 was also dissolved in DMSO:Methanol:HP-b-CD. Seven days after BGC-823 gastric cancer cells injection, intraperitoneal injection with Tan IIA was carried out every other day followed by killing at day 22 of tumor cell inoculation. All mice were killed by dislocation of the cervical vertebrae. Before killing, the tumor volume was measured every 3 days. All experiments were carried out using six mice each group in three independent experiments of a time-dependent manner with three time points.

The nude mice were raised in our laboratory for a week before the experiment. Then, 5 x 10⁶ MKN-1 cells were subcutaneously injected to establish the subcutaneous xenograft tumour model in nude mice. When the maximum diameter of the xenograft tumours grew steadily to 1 cm, they were dissected completely and cut into 1 mm³ tissue fragments. Then, the tissue fragment was inserted into the surface of the serosa on the greater curvature of the stomach. Different doses of PB (2.5 mg/kg or 5.0 mg/kg) were given by intraperitoneal injection once a day for 3 weeks. The control group was given the same volume of vehicle. The positive control group was given 5-Fu at the dose of 10 mg/kg. The body weight and tumour size of nude mice were recorded. Mice were administered fluorescein substrate (150 mg/kg) intraperitoneally for in vivo imaging twice a week on a Xenogen IVIS 200 imaging system (Caliper Life Sciences, USA). The tumour inhibition rate was analysed using LT Living Image 4.3 Software.

A subcutaneous gastric tumor model was established by subcutaneously injecting 1 x 10⁶ AGS cells or 2 x 10⁶ MKN-45 cells near the right axilla of mice. Seven days after tumor cell inoculation, mice received daily i. p. Injection of PPI (3 mg/kg, dissolved in 1% DMSO + 5% PEG300 + 5% Tween 80 + 89% deionized water), as described previously, or the control solution with the same solvent. Mice were weighed at day 15, while tumor volumes were measured every 3 days and calculated using a formula: length x width2/2.

Female non-obese diabetic severe combined immune-deficient mice at 5 weeks of age were divided into indicated groups and injected subcutaneously at either side of flank area with indicated cell lines (1 x 10⁶ cells) suspended in 0.1 ml phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Tumor sizes in all groups were measured every 3 days using Vernier calipers and calculated using the following formula: (length x width2)/2. For the xenograft Cisplatin treatment assay, day 0 was designed when tumors reached around 50 mm³ in volume. DDP 7 mg/kg or carrier (PBS, 100 uL)) was injected intraperitoneally 1 time per week. 21 days after treatment, all mice were sacrificed and tumors were harvested and weighed. Representative images were presented, and all experiments were repeated at least 3 times.

Female non-obese diabetic severe combined immune-deficient mice at 5 weeks of age were divided into indicated groups and injected subcutaneously at either side of flank area with indicated cell lines (1 x 10⁶ cells) suspended in 0.1 ml phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Tumor sizes in all groups were measured every 3 days using Vernier calipers and calculated using the following formula: (length x width2)/2. For the xenograft Cisplatin treatment assay, day 0 was designed when tumors reached around 50 mm³ in volume. DDP 7 mg/kg or carrier (PBS, 100 uL)) was injected intraperitoneally 1 time per week. 21 days after treatment, all mice were sacrificed and tumors were harvested and weighed. Representative images were presented, and all experiments were repeated at least 3 times.

All mice were housed under a setting of 12-h light/dark cycle at 22 ± 1, 55% humidity and fed with water and food provided at regular time. During the entire maintenance period, all mice were permitted free cage activity without joint immobilization. The initial body weights of the mice were between 20 and 23 grams. After subcutaneous injection of 2 x 10⁶ BGC-823 gastric cancer cells into the back of NOD-SCID mice, the mice were treated with or without Tan IIA (50 mg/kg) or Tan IIA in combination with Fer-1 (50 mg/kg). Tan IIA was diluted in DMSO:Methanol:Hydroxypropyl-b-cydodextrin (HP-b-CD) = 1:1:1. Fer-1 was also dissolved in DMSO:Methanol:HP-b-CD. Seven days after BGC-823 gastric cancer cells injection, intraperitoneal injection with Tan IIA was carried out every other day followed by killing at day 22 of tumor cell inoculation. All mice were killed by dislocation of the cervical vertebrae. Before killing, the tumor volume was measured every 3 days. All experiments were carried out using six mice each group in three independent experiments of a time-dependent manner with three time points.

Healthy male nude mice for 5 weeks were randomly divided into four groups, namely: A: Lv-NC + Vehicle group, B: Lv-NC + Erastin group, C: Lv-exCPEB1 + Vehicle group, and D: Lv-exCPEB1 + Erastin group. The living environment of nude mice in each group was 12 h light and 12 h dark, the temperature was 22 ± 1, the humidity was 45-55%. The model was established 1 week after adaptive feeding. GC cells (1 x 10⁶) with stable overexpression of CPEB1 at the logarithmic growth stage were selected and injected subcutaneously in nude mice. When the tumor volume reached 100 mm³, nude mice in groups B and D were injected intraperitoneally with Erastin (30 mg/kg) twice a day (morning and night, respectively), and the tumor tissue diameter and volume were measured and calculated every 3 days after administration.

The nude mice were raised in our laboratory for a week before the experiment. Then, 5 x 10⁶ MKN-1 cells were subcutaneously injected to establish the subcutaneous xenograft tumour model in nude mice. When the maximum diameter of the xenograft tumours grew steadily to 1 cm, they were dissected completely and cut into 1 mm³ tissue fragments. Then, the tissue fragment was inserted into the surface of the serosa on the greater curvature of the stomach. Different doses of PB (2.5 mg/kg or 5.0 mg/kg) were given by intraperitoneal injection once a day for 3 weeks. The control group was given the same volume of vehicle. The positive control group was given 5-Fu at the dose of 10 mg/kg. The body weight and tumour size of nude mice were recorded. Mice were administered fluorescein substrate (150 mg/kg) intraperitoneally for in vivo imaging twice a week on a Xenogen IVIS 200 imaging system (Caliper Life Sciences, USA). The tumour inhibition rate was analysed using LT Living Image 4.3 Software.

A subcutaneous gastric tumor model was established by subcutaneously injecting 1 x 10⁶ AGS cells or 2 x 10⁶ MKN-45 cells near the right axilla of mice. Seven days after tumor cell inoculation, mice received daily i. p. Injection of PPI (3 mg/kg, dissolved in 1% DMSO + 5% PEG300 + 5% Tween 80 + 89% deionized water), as described previously, or the control solution with the same solvent. Mice were weighed at day 15, while tumor volumes were measured every 3 days and calculated using a formula: length x width2/2.

SGC7901 cell line transfected with OvPLIN2, ShPLIN2 and Control were injected subcutaneously into the nude mice (BALB/c nu/nu, female, 5 weeks old, Beijing Huafukang Biotechnology Co. Ltd. China) which were anaesthetized with 1% Sodium pentobarbital. The long diameter a and short diameter b of mouse tumor and the weights were measured every 4-5 days, and the relative tumor volumes (RTV) were calculated according to formula 0.5 x a x b x b.