For the VFN-D1 patient-derived and the HBL-1 xenograft mouse models, adult female NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ (NSG) mice were implanted subcutaneously with 1 x 10⁷ cells in PBS (300 ul). Once mice developed palpable tumors, the animals were randomized into control, DMF (daily i.p. treatment with 500 ul of 3 mg/ml DMF in PBS), ABT-199 (daily p.o. treatment with 100 mg/kg in ethanol/PhosalG/PEG400) or DMF+ABT-199 treated groups.

Female NOD/SCID mice (age, 6 weeks; body weight, 20 ± 2 g) were purchased from Beijing Huafukang Biotechnology Co., Ltd., maintained under pathogen-free conditions and allowed free access to sterilized food and water. After a week of adaptation to their surroundings, 1 x 10⁷ U2932 cells were subcutaneously injected into the right flank near the hind leg of each mouse. Following the growth of palpable tumors (tumor volume of 50-100 mm³), the mice were randomly divided into two groups (n = 5 mice/group) and treated with 100 ul normal saline (NS) or ART (120 mg/kg/day) via intraperitoneal injection.

All animal experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica and performed in accordance with the Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care. Tumors were measured twice weekly and volumes were calculated using the formula TV=length x width2 x 1/2.

All animal experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica and performed in accordance with the Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care. Tumors were measured twice weekly and volumes were calculated using the formula TV=length x width2 x 1/2.

NOD/SCID mice (12-weeks of age and ~28 g weight) were weighed before injection and divided into groups of 3 mice per cage. Mice were dosed using three different routes, IP and PO with 50 mg/kg IKE, and IV with 17 mg/kg IKE. Samples were collected at 0, 1, 3, 4, and 8 h from three mice per time point. Additionally, three mice per group were used as controls by administration with equivalent amount of vehicle 1 by IP, PO, and IV, and samples were collected at 8 h. At the appropriate time, mice were sacrificed by CO2 asphyxiation for 3 min and ~0.5 mL of blood was collected via cardiac puncture.