Ferroptosis-centered Drug Response Information

General Information of the Drug (ID: ferrodrug0121)
Name
D-Galactose
Synonyms
D-Gal; D-Galactopyranose; D-Galactopyranoside; D-Galactose; Gal; Galactopyranose; Galactopyranoside; Galactose; 10257-28-0; Galactose, pure; (3R,4S,5R,6R)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol; CHEBI:4139; brain sugar; (+)-Galactose; EINECS 233-595-2; cerebrose; AI3-18440; D-galacto-hexose; DTXSID001015860; NSC 8102; CHEBI:12936; NSC-8102; D Galactose; (3R,4S,5R,6R)-6-(Hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetraol; D-Glucose-2-13C; 40825-89-6; SMR000857326; UNII-7IOF6H4H77; Galaktose; galacto-hexose; Galactose; D-Galactopyranose; D(+)-Galactose; GSK 620104E; Allopurinol related; D-Galactose (9CI); Galactose, D- (8CI); Epitope ID:141794; SCHEMBL38935; MLS001335983; MLS001335984; CHEMBL195923; DTXCID903088; CHEBI:28260; WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-SVZMEOIVSA-N; BDBM228805; DTXCID601437050; HMS2230N07; MFCD00006969; s3849; AKOS030573864; CCG-266426; NCGC00166082-01; AS-46931; CS-0204480; G0008; C00124; D-Galactose 1000 microg/mL in Methanol:Water; EN300-135967; F10950; G-1701; O_FULL_10000000000000_GS_94; Q27106307; Z1665647488; (3R,4S,5R,6R)-6-methyloltetrahydropyran-2,3,4,5-tetrol; WURCS=2.0/1,1,0/(a2112h-1x_1-5)/1/

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Status
Phase 2
Drug Type
Small molecular drug
Structure
Formula
C6H12O6
IUPAC Name
(3R,4S,5R,6R)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol
Canonical SMILES
C(C1C(C(C(C(O1)O)O)O)O)O
InChI
InChI=1S/C6H12O6/c7-1-2-3(8)4(9)5(10)6(11)12-2/h2-11H,1H2/t2-,3+,4+,5-,6?/m1/s1
InChIKey
WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-SVZMEOIVSA-N
PubChem CID
6036
Full List of Ferroptosis Target Related to This Drug
Iron-responsive element-binding protein 2 (IREB2)
 Target Info 
In total 1 item(s) under this Target
Experiment 1 Reporting the Ferroptosis-centered Drug Act on This Target [1]
Target for Ferroptosis Driver
Responsed Disease Presbycusis ICD-11: AB54
 Disease Info 
Pathway Response Fatty acid metabolism hsa01212
Ferroptosis hsa04216
Apoptosis hsa04210
Cell Process Cell ferroptosis
Cell apoptosis
In Vitro Model PC12 cells Adrenal gland pheochromocytoma Rattus norvegicus CVCL_0481
In Vivo Model
A total of 150 male Sprague-Dawley rats were obtained from the Experimental Animal Centre of Hubei Province. After deep anaesthesia, we placed each rat on an electric blanket to maintain its body temperature. We placed the positive electrode under the skin of the vertex, the negative electrode into the measured ear and the ground electrode into the other ear. We used a Tucker-Davis Technologies System (RZ6; Tucker-Davis Tech. Inc., Alachua, FL, USA) to record the responses of the rats to sounds of different frequencies as previously described.

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Response regulation The study measured iron levels in a simulated ageing model established by the addition of d-galactose (d-gal). These changes were accompanied by upregulation of iron regulatory protein 2 (IRP-2), which led to an increase in transferrin receptor 1 (TfR-1), thus increasing iron entry into cells and potentially leading to ferroptosis. Relieving ferroptosis might be a new intervention strategy for age-related hearing loss.
References
Ref 1 Relieving ferroptosis may partially reverse neurodegeneration of the auditory cortex. FEBS J. 2020 Nov;287(21):4747-4766. doi: 10.1111/febs.15266. Epub 2020 Mar 17.