Specific pathogen-free (SPF) pregnant C57BL/6 mice were purchased from the Experimental Animal Center of Chongqing Medical University. Under SPF conditions, all mice had free access to food and water. All mice were fed under a 12-hour light/dark cycle at 25 ± 2 , and the relative humidity was 50 ± 5%. Male neonatal mice were selected at postnatal day (PND) 21. Since we aimed to mimic the prepubertal testicular injury induced byDEHPexposure, all male mice were randomly divided into four groups and treated by oral gavage from PND22 to PND35 with corn oil (Aladdin, C116023, China), or DEHP at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day (D100), 250 mg/kg/day (D250), or 500 mg/kg/day (D500).

Adult male and female fish were randomly assigned to 6 aquariums and acclimated to laboratory conditions for one week before DEHP exposure. There are 6 aquariums, where 3 aquariums were used for DEHP exposure as the treatment groups and 3 for control. Each aquarium was filled with 12 L of artificial seawater and 30 females and 30 males were assigned. Food residues and excrement were removed, and artificial water was renewed every day. The exposure groups were exposed to 10 ug/L DEHP, obtained by diluting the stock solution, and the control groups were treated with DMSO as a solvent control, in which the DMSO content did not exceed 0.01% (v/v).