Five-week-old female BALB/c nude mice were purchased from Shanghai Jihui Laboratory Animal Care Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). All mice were bred in the Laboratory Animal Center of Shanghai Tenth Peoples Hospital under specific pathogen-free conditions. The animal experiments were performed by the Animal Care Committee of Shanghai Tenth Peoples Hospital. Briefly, each group contains five mice, and 5 x 10⁴ GSCs were injected orthotopically into the mouse brain at 2 mm lateral and 2 mm anterior to the bregma with a stereotaxic apparatus. Then the survival time of each mouse was calculated, and the tumor volume was calculated according to the formula: V = (D x d2) / 2, where D represents the longest diameter and d represents the shortest diameter.

Five-week-old female BALB/c nude mice were purchased from Shanghai Jihui Laboratory Animal Care Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). All mice were bred in the Laboratory Animal Center of Shanghai Tenth Peoples Hospital under specific pathogen-free conditions. The animal experiments were performed by the Animal Care Committee of Shanghai Tenth Peoples Hospital. Briefly, each group contains five mice, and 5 x 10⁴ GSCs were injected orthotopically into the mouse brain at 2 mm lateral and 2 mm anterior to the bregma with a stereotaxic apparatus. Then the survival time of each mouse was calculated, and the tumor volume was calculated according to the formula: V = (D x d2) / 2, where D represents the longest diameter and d represents the shortest diameter.